The number of Americans who use marijuana has doubled over the past decade, according to a survey by Gallup. In many parts of the U.S., weed is legal under state law — and many Americans now use it as casually as they might have a beer or glass of wine.
But finding cannabis products that are safely sourced and properly regulated can be tricky.
In a new series, NPR is looking at what consumers should know about the safety of the weed supply.
Of course, cannabis itself is associated with health risks, whether it's contaminated or not. As cannabis products become more potent and as more Americans consume greater quantities of them, researchers say there are significant risks to brain function and mental health.
But for consumers who do choose to partake, there's another layer of concern: Traces of other harmful substances like pesticides, molds and heavy metals might be lurking in a tasty-looking edible or nicely packaged vape. State regulators are trying to get their arms around the problem but, researchers say, they have a ways to go.
Here are four things to know about the safety of marijuana products and the landscape of regulation today.
1. States disagree about which contaminants to test for
Overall, state regulators are looking to keep cannabis products free of contaminants that can be introduced during the growing and producing process, including pesticides, mold, bacteria, solvent residues and heavy metals like arsenic, which can come from the soil.
All of those things have the potential to cause harm either in the short term — with an ER visit for vomiting, for example, which microorganisms could trigger — or in the long term, increasing your risk for certain cancers or neurological problems.
But regulation is tricky because on the federal level, cannabis is still illegal. Not every state has legalized cannabis, and those that have may regulate it very differently.
Maxwell Leung, an assistant professor at Arizona State University, did a study in 2022 about that patchwork of cannabis regulations.
"We found that there are over 600 contaminants that are regulated across some 30 states that had legalized cannabis at that time," Leung says. "But interestingly, in each jurisdiction there's only anywhere between 60 to 120 contaminants that are regulated."
So a pesticide that might prompt one state to pull cannabis off the shelf, another state might not even be looking for.
Still, simply testing for more contaminants doesn't necessarily make a state's cannabis products safer. That's because it's early days when it comes to the research, so it's hard to say which contaminants are the most hazardous to human health.
2. The black market is still booming
Not only are there conflicting regulations state by state, cannabis is still illegal under federal law, which means properly regulated products can't be shipped legally from one state to the next.
Those restrictions have left a huge opening for underground producers and distributors, some backed by criminal gangs. NPR has found those products are often grown and processed in unsanitary conditions with banned pesticides and unhealthy working conditions. And they typically don't have trustworthy potency guidelines.
"We're talking about a market that lacks transparency and accountability. Whether I was getting cannabis or alcohol or my broccoli from an unregulated market, I'd be concerned about any number of issues," says Paul Armentano, deputy director of NORML, the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws.
Even many storefront shops around the U.S. are selling black market weed. This is one of the biggest challenges for consumers right now. If you want legal, regulated weed, you have to do your research and really understand how your cannabis products are sourced. That's not always easy.
3. It will get easier for consumers
Activists, historians and drug policy experts NPR spoke with expect the legal cannabis landscape to get easier to navigate.
"When you move from prohibition to legalization, it takes time to significantly reduce the size of the illegal market," said Beau Kilmer at the RAND Drug Policy Research Center.
Drug policy experts point out the end of alcohol prohibition in the 1930s was also messy. It took years for legal alcohol brewers and distillers to push out the illegal moonshine operators.
"There was a black market for years for moonshine" after Prohibition ended, said Daniel Okrent, a historian whose book Last Call is a history of alcohol bans in the U.S. "Statewide prohibition laws in some states lasted into the 1950s and 1960s. They were ignored but they existed."
Legal cannabis producers say they think over time, the safer, regulated marijuana brands will win out. That'll make it easier for consumers to know which products to grab off the shelf.
4. Legal weed offers some comfort
In states and communities where it's available, legal weed is probably more likely to be free of many contaminants like pesticides and mold, because states are testing them and pulling them off the shelves. And the people growing the marijuana plants, making the products and selling them legally want to keep their customers safe and stay in business.
In California, there were more than 60 recalls in 2024. That includes cannabis flower buds, pre-rolled marijuana cigarettes, edibles and vape products. That's up from just four cannabis recalls the year before in the state. Officials tell NPR that's due to an increase in testing.
Zarha Ruiz, who's in charge of environmental compliance and manufacturing safety at the California Department of Cannabis Control, says the uptick in recalls is a sign the system is working and makes her proud of the hard work her teams have done.
"I think it's indicative of the fact that the department is putting out all the stops to make sure that the tools and resources that we have are being used to keep consumers safe," she says.
Maine, which has a newer system, just issued its first-ever cannabis recall last year. It was a recall over mold.
Armentano, with the group NORML, says he believes this kind of regulation is building trust with consumers who want healthier, more regulated weed:
"The general public largely assumes, 'Hey, it's in a state-regulated store. It's got to be as pure and regulated as any other product I buy in a state-regulated market.' "
Researchers are still looking at how effective these consumer protections might be, but for now, if you're getting your cannabis in a store that has regulated products, there's less risk of encountering many contaminants.
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